Unmeasured Confounding
Everything on Aqrab tagged Unmeasured Confounding — grouped into one landing page so readers can go deeper by problem family instead of bouncing around the archive blind.
Proximal Causal Inference: What to Do When Unmeasured Confounding Is Still on the Table
A practical guide to proximal causal inference for clinical researchers. Covers proxy variables, treatment-inducing versus outcome-inducing proxies, bridge functions, completeness, and why this method is powerful but brutally assumption-heavy.
E-values & Sensitivity Analysis: How to Stress-Test Causal Claims
A practical guide to the one question every observational study must answer: how strong would an unmeasured confounder have to be to erase your result? Covers E-values, confidence-limit interpretation, Rosenbaum bounds, negative controls, and the reporting language reviewers trust.
Instrumental Variables: When Observational Data Meets Unmeasured Confounding
When PSM and regression fail because of unmeasured confounding, IV methods offer a way forward. A practical guide covering instruments, LATE, Mendelian randomization, and the exclusion restriction.
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